User's Guide

PROJPRM

Function:

Create a projection definition file. This file contains the parameters that are needed by the Projection Transformation Package (User note 2) to transform coordinate pairs from one map projection and/or datum to another. This file is used by a number of functions which call the Projection Transformation Package. Following is a list of subcommands and their related map projections.

SUBCOMMAND		PROJECTION
----------		----------
ALASKA			Alaska Conformal 
ALBERS			Albers Conical Equal Area
AZIMEQD			Azimuthal Equidistant
EDISCONA		Equidistant Conic A
EDISCONB		Equidistant Conic B
EQUIRECT		Equirectangular
GEOGRAPH		Geographic
GNOMONIC		Gnomonic
GOODE			Goode's Homolosine
GRINTEN			Van der Grinten
GVNSP			General Vertical Near-Side Perspective
HAMMER			Hammer
IMOLLWDE		Interrupted Mollweide
ISIN            Integerized Sinusoidal
LAMAZEQA		Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area
LAMCC			Lambert Conformal Conic
MERCATOR		Mercator
MILLCYL			Miller Cylindrical
MOLLWDE			Mollweide
OBLEQ			Oblated Equal Area
OBLMERCA		Oblique Mercator (Hotine) A
OBLMERCB		Oblique Mercator (Hotine) B
ORTHO			Orthographic
PLSTEREO		Polar Stereographic
POLYCON			Polyconic
ROBINSON		Robinson
SNSOIDAL		Sinusoidal
SOMA			Space Oblique Mercator A
SOMB			Space Oblique Mercator B
STATEPLN		State Plane Coordinates
STEREO			Stereographic
TM			Transverse Mercator
UTM			Universal Transverse Mercator
WAGIV			Wagner IV
WAGVII			Wagner VII

Parameters:

Subcommand -ALBERS:

Albers Equal-Area Conic. Primarily used for equal-area maps of regions with a predominant east/west extent. The following characteristics are applicable to the Albers Equal-Area Conic projection.

  o  Conic.
  o  Equal-area.
  o  Parallels are unequally spaced arcs of 
     con centric circles, more closely spaced at the 
     north and south edges of the map.
  o  Meridians are equally spaced radii of the same
     circles, cutting parallels at right angles.
  o  There is no distortion in scale or shape along
     two standard parallels.
  o  Poles are arcs of circles.

Subcommand -ALASKA:

Alaska Conformal. Used for maps of Alaska. The following characteristics are applicable to the Alaska Conformal projection.

  o  Modified azimuthal.
  o  Conformal.

Subcommand -AZIMEQD:

Azimuthal Equidistant. Primarily used for mapping the polar areas. May be used for maps of the world centered on important cities for aviation and radio use. The following characteristics are applicable to the Azimuthal projection.

  o  Azimuthal.
  o  Neither equal area nor conformal.
  o  Parallels are generally complex curves,
     however, when used as a polar projection they
     are circles.  The equator is a straight line
     on an equatorial aspect.
  o  Most meridians are complex curves.  Exceptions 
     are meridians on a polar aspect and the central 
     meridian, which are straight lines.
  o  Distances measured from the center are true.

Subcommand -EDISCONA:

Equidistant Conic A. Primarily used for mapping mid-latitude areas. The following characteristics are applicable to the Equidistant Conic A projection.

  o  Conic.
  o  Equidistant.
  o  Parallels are arcs of concentric circles.
  o  Meridians are straight and equally spaced.
  o  Scale is correct along all meridians and 
     the standard parallel.

EDISCONA is used when only one standard parallel is to be used. EDISCONB is used when first and second standard parallels are used.

Subcommand -EDISCONB:

Equidistant Conic B. Primarily used for mapping mid-latitude areas. The following characteristics are applicable to the Equidistant Conic B projection.

  o  Conic.
  o  Equidistant.
  o  Parallels are arcs of concentric circles.
  o  Meridians are straight and equally spaced.
  o  Scale is correct along all meridians and the 
     two standard parallels.

EDISCONA is used when only one standard parallel is to be used. EDISCONB is used when first and second standard parallels are used.

Subcommand -EQUIRECT:

Equirectangular. Used primarily to create an index map. The following characteristics are applicable to the Equirectangular projection.

  o  Cylindrical.
  o  Neither equal-area nor conformal.
  o  Parallels are straight and equally spaced.
  o  Meridians are straight and equally spaced.
  o  Scale is true along meridians, the equator, 
     or two parallels.
  o  Poles are straight lines.

Subcommand -GEOGRAPH:

Geographic. The standard set of latitude and longitude coordinates which uses Greenwich as the prime meridian, east longitude being positive, and west longitude being negative. The latitude north of the equator is positive, and the latitude south of the equator is negative.

Subcommand -GNOMONIC:

Gnomonic. Used in seismic work and for navigation when used with a Mercator projection. It is the only projection in which any straight line is a great circle (meridians and the equator), and it is the only projection that shows the shortest distance between any two points as a straight line. The following characteristics are applicable to the Gnomonic projection.

  o  Azimuthal and perspective
  o  Neither conformal nor equal-area
  o  In the polar aspect, parallels are concentric 
     circles.  In other aspects, they are curved 
     and concaved toward the poles except for the
     equator, which is a straight.
  o  Meridians are straight lines.
  o  Linear scale, angular deformation, and area 
     deformation are extreme, rapidly increasing away
     from the center of the projection.

Subcommand -GOODE:

Goode's Homolosine. Used for world maps. This projection is a combination of Sinusoidal (between latitudes 40 deg 44 min N and S) and Mollweide (beyond these latitudes). The following characteristics are applicable to the Goode's Homolosine projection.

  o  Pseudocylindrical composite.
  o  Equal area.
  o  Parallels are straight parallel lines
     perpendicular to the central meridians.  They
     are equally spaced between the latitudes 40 deg
     44 min N and S.  Beyond these latitudes they
     gradually get closer together as they approach
     the poles.
  o  Between the latitudes 40 deg 44 min N and S, the
     meridians are equally spaced sinusoidal curves.
     Otherwise, they are elliptical arcs concave
     toward the central meridian.  The meridians bend
     slightly at the indicated latitudes.  The six
     central meridians are straight lines that are
     0.22 as long as the Equator.  The northern
     hemisphere has two central meridians at -100 and
     30 degrees longitude.  The southern hemisphere
     central meridians are at -160, -60, 20, and 140
     degrees.
  o  The center of the map is longitude 0 degrees and
     latitude 0 degrees.
  o  In the northern hemisphere, the break occurs at
     longitude -40 degrees.  In the southern hemisphere, 
     breaks occur at meridians -100, -20, and 80 degrees.
  o  The meridian -180 degrees represents the edges
     of the projection.
  o  Between the given latitudes, scale is true along
     every latitude and along the central meridian.
     Beyond these latitudes, scale is the same for the
     latitude of opposite sign.
  o  Poles are points.

Subcommand -GRINTEN:

Van der Grinten. Used primarily for world maps. The following characteristics are applicable to the Van der Grinten projection.

  o  Not pseudo-cylindrical.
  o  Neither equal-area nor conformal.
  o  Shows entire globe enclosed in a circle.
  o  Parallels are arcs of circles except the 
     equator, which is a straight line.
  o  Meridians are arcs of circles except the 
     central meridian, which is a straight line.
  o  Scale is true at equator.
  o  A curved modification of the Mercator projection,
     having great distortion in the polar areas.

Subcommand -GVNSP:

General Vertical Near-Side Perspective. Primarily used to achieve a perspective of the earth from a certain height in space.

Subcommand -HAMMER:

Hammer. Primarily used for whole world maps. This projection may be referred to as Hammer-Aitoff. The following characteristics are applicable to the Hammer projection.

  o  Modified azimuthal.
  o  Equal area.
  o  Elliptical border.
  o  Parallels are complex curves concave toward the
     nearest pole except the equator, which is a
     straight line.
  o  Meridians are complex curves concave toward the
     central meridian except the central meridian,
     which is a straight line.
  o  As distance increases from the center, scale
     decreases along the central meridian and the
     Equator.

Subcommand -IMOLLWDE:

Interrupted Mollweide. An interrupted projection that attempts to preserve shorelines to show oceans. This projection is the same as the Mollweide projection with set central meridians. The following characteristics are applicable to the Interrupted Mollweide projection.

  o  Pseudocylindrical.
  o  Equal area.
  o  Parallels are unequally spaced straight parallel
     lines that are farthest apart near the Equator and
     perpendicular to the central meridian.
  o  Meridians are equally spaced semiellipses that
     intersect at the poles and concave toward the
     central meridian.  There are six central meridians 
     which are straight lines from the poles to the 
     Equator.  The northern hemisphere central meridians 
     are the longitudes 60, -170, and -30 degrees.  The 
     southern hemisphere central meridians are longitudes 
     90, -140, and -20 degrees.  
  o  The center of the map is longitude -160 and latitude
     0 degrees. 
  o  In the northern hemisphere, breaks occur at meridians 
     110 and -100 degrees.  In the southern hemisphere, 
     breaks occur at 140, and -70 degrees.
  o  The meridian 20 degrees represents the edges of the 
     projection.
  o  Scale is true along latitudes 40 deg 44 min N
     and S and constant along any given latitude.  It
     is the same for the latitude of opposite sign.
  o  Poles are points.
  o  Symmetry exists about the central meridians and the
     Equator.

Subcommand -ISIN:

Integerized Sinusoidal. Primarily used for imagery from the MODIS satellite. The characteristics of the Integerized Sinusoidal projection are not well documented at this time. It is suggested that it only be used for MODIS related data.

Subcommand -OBLEQ:

Oblated Equal Area. Used for projection of oblong regions with less distortion of shape and scale within the oblong shaped region than equal-area maps of other projections. The following characteristics are applicable to the Oblated Equal Area.

  o  Equal area.
  o  Adjustable to show elongated continents or 
     oceans with less variation of scale and angle 
     distortion than other standard equal-area 
     projections.

Subcommand -LAMAZEQA:

Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area. Primarily used for large scale maps of entire hemispheres. The following characteristics are applicable to the Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area projection.

  o  Azimuthal.
  o  Equal-area.
  o  Parallels are complex curves except in the 
     polar aspect where they are circles.
  o  Meridians are complex curves except the meridians
     in the polar aspect, the central meridian, and 
     the equator which are straight lines.
  o  Scale increases in the direction perpendicular 
     to the radii as the distance increases from
     the center.

Subcommand -LAMCC:

Lambert Conformal Conic. Primarily used for equal-angle maps of regions with a predominant east/west extent. The following characteristics are applicable to the Lambert Conformal Conic projection.

  o  Conic.
  o  Conformal.
  o  Parallels are unequally spaced arcs of 
     concentric circles, more closely spaced near 
     the center of the map.
  o  Meridians are equally spaced radii of the 
     same circles, cutting the parallels at 
     right angles.
  o  Scale is true along two standard parallels.
  o  Pole in same hemisphere as standard parallels
     is a point; other pole is at infinity.

Subcommand -MERCATOR:

Mercator. Primarily used for navigation maps because the rhumb lines are straight lines. The following characteristics are applicable to the Mercator projection.

  o  Cylindrical.
  o  Conformal.
  o  Parallels are unequally spaced straight lines,
     closest near the equator, intersecting meridians
     at right angles.
  o  Meridians are equally spaced straight lines.
  o  Scale is true along the equator, or along two
     parallels equidistant from the equator.
  o  Poles are at infinity.

Subcommand -MILLCYL:

Miller Cylindrical. Used primarily for world maps. The following characteristics are applicable to the Miller Cylindrical projection.

  o  Cylindrical.
  o  Neither equal-area nor conformal.
  o  Parallels are straight lines and intersect at
     right angles with the meridians.
  o  Meridians are straight lines and intersect at
     right angles with the parallels.

Subcommand -MOLLWDE:

Mollweide. This projection may also be referred to as Homolographic, Homalographic, Babinet or Elliptical. The following characteristics are applicable to the Mollweide projection.

  o  Pseudocylindrical.
  o  Equal area.
  o  Parallels are unequally spaced straight parallel
     lines that are farthest apart near the Equator and
     perpendicular to the central meridian.
  o  Meridians are equally spaced semiellipses that
     intersect at the poles and concave toward the
     central meridian.  The central meridian is
     represented as straight line that is half as long
     as the Equator.  Meridians 90 degrees E. and W.
     of the central meridian form a circle.
  o  Scale is true along latitudes 40 deg 44 min N.
     and S. and constant along any given latitude.  It
     is the same for the latitude of opposite sign.
  o  Poles are points.
  o  Symmetry exists about the central meridian or the
     Equator.

Subcommand -OBLMERCA:

Oblique Mercator (Hotine) A. Used primarily for mapping regions with an extent in the oblique direction and was used (before SOM) for mapping Landsat data. The following characteristics are applicable to the Oblique Mercator (Hotine) A projection.

  o  Cylindrical(oblique).
  o  Conformal.
  o  Parallels are complex curves.
  o  Meridians are complex curves except for two 
     meridians which are 180 degrees apart and
     are straight lines.
  o  Scale becomes infinite 90 degrees from the
     central line.

OBLMERCA uses two points that are on the central line and are near the edges of the region. OBLMERCB uses a central point and an azimuth that passes through the point as the central line.

Subcommand -OBLMERCB:

Oblique Mercator (Hotine) B. Used primarily for mapping regions with an extent in the oblique direction and was used (before SOM) for mapping Landsat data. The following characteristics are applicable to the Oblique Mercator (Hotine) B projection.

  o  Cylindrical(oblique).
  o  Conformal.
  o  Parallels are complex curves.
  o  Meridians are complex curves except for two 
     meridians which are 180 degrees apart and
     are straight lines.
  o  Scale becomes infinite 90 degrees from the
     central line.

OBLMERCA uses two points that are on the central line and are near the edges of the region.

OBLMERCB uses a central point and an azimuth that passes through the point as the central line.

Subcommand -ORTHO:

Orthographic. Used primarily to achieve a "globe-like" view of the earth. The following characteristics are applicable to the Orthographic projection.

  o  Azimuthal.
  o  Neither equal area nor conformal.
  o  Parallels are ellipses, circles, or straight
     lines.
  o  Meridians are ellipses, circles, or straight
     lines.
  o  Scale is true in the direction of lines of 
     latitude in the polar aspect.

Subcommand -PLSTEREO:

Polar Stereographic. Primarily used for the mapping of the polar areas of the Earth, Moon, and other planets. The following characteristics are applicable to the Polar Stereographic projection.

  o  Azimuthal.
  o  Conformal.
  o  Parallels are shown as arcs of circles.
  o  All meridians are straight lines.
  o  Scale increases away from the center of the 
     projection.
  o  Directions from the center of projection are 
     true.

Subcommand -POLYCON:

Polyconic. Used to provide a low-distortion mapping of local areas. This projection is rarely used today. The following characteristics are applicable to the Polyconic projection.

  o  Conic.
  o  Neither conformal nor equal-area.
  o  Parallels (except equator) are arcs of circles.
  o  Meridians are complex curves (Central meridian 
     and equator are straight lines).
  o  Scale is true along each parallel and central 
     meridian.
  o  Free of distortion only along central meridian.

Subcommand -ROBINSON:

Robinson. Used for thematic world maps. This projection uses tabular coordinates rather than mathematical formulas to make the world "look" right. The following characteristics are applicable to the Robinson projection.

  o  Pseudocylindrical.
  o  Neither conformal nor equal area.
  o  Parallels are straight lines equally spaced
     between latitudes 38 degrees N and S.  Beyond
     these lines, space decreases.
  o  Meridians are equally spaced, resemble elliptical
     arcs, and are concave toward the central meridian
     which is a straight line that is .51 as long as
     the equator.
  o  Scale is true along latitudes 38 degrees N and S and
     is constant along any latitude and the latitude of 
     opposite sign.
  o  Poles are represented as lines that are .53 as long
     as the equator.
  o  Distortion is very low within about 45 degrees of
     the center and along the equator.

Subcommand -SNSOIDAL:

Sinusoidal. Used primarily for world maps or maps of regions near the equator. The following characteristics are applicable to the Sinusoidal projection.

  o  Pseudocylindrical. 
  o  Equal-area.
  o  Parallels are equally spaced straight lines.
  o  Meridians are sinusoidal curves except the 
     central meridian, which is a straight line.
  o  Scale is true along central meridian and
     all parallels.

Subcommand -SOMA:

Space Oblique Mercator. Used for mapping imagery from Landsat and other satellites with nearly circular orbits. The following characteristics are applicable to the Space Oblique Mercator projection.

  o  Modified cylindrical.
  o  Basically conformal.
  o  Parallels are curved lines.
  o  Meridians are curved lines except at each  
     polar approach.
  o  Scale is true along ground track of satellite.

SOMA is used when the inclination angle, orbit longitude, number of minutes, Landsat ratio and path option entered.

SOMB is used when the satellite number and path number are entered.

Subcommand -SOMB:

Space Oblique Mercator. Used for mapping imagery from Landsat and other satellites with nearly circular orbits. The following characteristics are applicable to the Space Oblique Mercator projection.

  o  Modified cylindrical.
  o  Basically conformal.
  o  Parallels are curved lines.
  o  Meridians are curved lines except at each  
     polar approach.
  o  Scale is true along ground track of satellite.

SOMA is used when the inclination angle, orbit longitude, number of minutes, Landsat ratio and path option are to be entered.

SOMB is used when the satellite number and path number are to be entered.

Subcommand -STATEPLN:

State Plane Coordinate System. Uses the Transverse Mercator projection for states that are predominant north/south extent and Lambert Conformal Conic for all others except the pan-handle of Alaska which is Oblique Mercator and Guam which is an approximation of an Azimuthal Equidistant projection.

Subcommand -STEREO:

Stereographic. Primarily used for large scale perspective maps. It is the only perspective projection that is also conformal. The following characteristics are applicable to the Stereographic projection.

  o  Azimuthal.
  o  Conformal.
  o  Parallels are arcs of circles.
  o  Central meridian is a straight line--all other
     meridians are arcs of circles.
  o  Scale increases away from the center of the
     projection.

Subcommand -TM:

Transverse Mercator. Primarily used for regions which are predominantly extending north and south. The following characteristics are applicable to the Transverse Mercator projection.

  o  Cylindrical (transverse).
  o  Conformal.
  o  Parallels are complex curves.  The equator is
     a straight line.
  o  Each meridian that is 90 degrees from the central
     meridian is a straight line.  All other meridians
     are complex curves.
  o  Scale is true along the central meridian or along
     two straight lines equidistant from and parallel
     to central meridian.  Scale becomes infinite 90
     degrees from central meridian.

Subcommand -UTM:

Universal Transverse Mercator. An ellipsoidal Transverse Mercator projection to which specific parameters have been applied. The earth is divided into 60 zones which are 6 degrees wide.

GCTP automatically adds a false northing of 10,000,000 m. if the first coordinate is south of the equator. Problems may occur when working around the equator.

When working in the Southern Hemisphere, enter a negative zone code.

Subcommand -WAGIV:

Wagner IV. Primarily used for world maps. The following characteristics are applicable to the Wagner IV.

  o  Pseudocylindrical
  o  Equal area
  o  Parallels are unequally spaced straight lines.
  o  Meridians at 103 deg 55 minutes E and W are
     circular arcs.
  o  Scale is true along latitudes 42 deg 59 minutes 
     N and S; constant along any given latitude; 
     same for the latitude of opposite sign.

Subcommand -WAGVII:

Wagner VII. Primarily used for world maps. The following characteristics are applicable to the Wagner VII.

  o  Modified Azimuthal 
  o  Equal area
  o  Parallels are curves, unequally spaced along the 
     central meridian and concave toward the nearest pole.  
     The equator is straight.
  o  Central meridian is straight and half the length of 
     the equator.
  o  Scale decreases along the central meridian and the 
     Equator with distance from center of projection.

Examples:

LAS> projprm-geo outproj=in.dat projkey=geo projunit=dms
The input parameters are retrieved and IN.DAT;PROJ is opened. If IN.DAT;PROJ exists, the projection parameter values are appended to the end of the file. The input parameters are checked for errors and then written to IN.DAT;PROJ. Access these projection parameters with the key "GEO".
LAS> projprm-tm outproj=in.dat projkey=tm scalfact=.9996 centmer=35045030.00 origin=-040030000.00 geounits=dms datum=0
The input parameters are retrieved and IN.DAT;PROJ is opened. If IN.DAT;PROJ exists, the projection parameter values are appended to the end of the file. The parameters are checked for errors and written to IN.DAT;PROJ. Access these projection parameters with the key "TM".

Description/Algorithm:

Nonfatal Error Messages:

None.

Fatal Error Messages:

[projprm-fatal] Fatal error encountered
A fatal error was encountered during processing. The error message that is displayed immediately preceding this message is the specific error that was encountered. Processing is terminated.
[projprm-specify] ZONENUM or LAT and LONG have to be specified
Either ZONENUM or LAT and LONG have to be specified in order for the Projection Transformation Package to know which zone to use in its calculations.
[projprm-unit] Invalid unit of measure
The unit of measure specified in GEOUNITS is not valid. Respecify GEOUNITS using a valid unit of measure.
[isin-zone] NZONE parameter value of <x> is not legal. It can not be an odd number.
Only even numbers are allowed for the NZONE parameter.

User Notes:

Modules that use the Projection Definition File include REMAP, TRANCOORD and RECTIFY.
Currently, the LAS Projection Transformation Package uses the USGS's General Cartographic Transformation Package (GCTP). Since the use of the GCTP is "buffered" from individual functions, other projection packages or routines may be incorporated into the LAS Projection Transformation Package in the future.
Projection descriptions and some parameter descriptions have been taken from the following sources:
Snyder, John P., "An Album of Map Projections", U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1453, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, 1989.
Snyder, John P., "Map Projections--A Working Manual", U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1395, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, 1987. Snyder, John P., "Map Projections Used by the USGS", U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1532, U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia, 1982.
Snyder, John P., "New Equal-Area Map Projections for Noncircular Regions", The American Cartographer, Vol 15, No 4, October 1988, pp 341 - 355.
Clarie, Charles N., "State Plane Coordinates by Automatic Data Processing", U.S. Department of Commerce, Environmental Science Services Administration, & Coast and Geodetic Survey Publication 62-4, Washington, D.C., 1973. "Software Documentation for GCTP--General Cartographic Transformation Package", U.S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, May 1982.

Valid zone codes for the State Plane Coordinate System are as follows:

               State Plane Coordinate Systems  
                    Zone Representations

    Zone name   **NAD83 NAD27   Zone name    **NAD83 NAD27
    or number     Zone  Zone    or number      Zone  Zone 
    ========================    =========================

    Alabama 	 	    	Montana        2500  ----
       East             0101       North       ----  2501
       West		0102       Central     ----  2502
    Alaska			   South       ----  2503
    01 through 10       5001    Nebraska       2600  ----
    	           thru 5010       North       ----  2601
    Arizona			   South       ----  2602
       East	        0201    Nevada               
       Central	    	0202       East              2701
       West		0203       Central           2702
    Arkansas		      	   West              2703
       North	    	0301    New Hampshire        2800
       South	    	0302    New Jersey           2900
    California		    	New Mexico           
       01 through       0401       East              3001
       06	   thru 0406	   Central           3002
       07  	  ----  0407	   West              3003
    Colorado 		    	New York             
       North	        0501	   East              3101
       Central	        0502	   Central           3102
       South	        0503	   West              3103
    Connecticut         0600       Long Island	     3104
    Delaware            0700    North Carolina       3200
    Dist. of Columbia   1900	North Dakota         
    Florida     		   North             3301
       East             0901       South             3302
       West             0902    Ohio                  
       North            0903       North             3401
    Georgia          	      	   South             3402
       East             1001    Oklahoma            
       West             1002       North             3501
    Hawaii          	   	   South             3502
       01 through 05    5101    Oregon                
                   thru 5105       North             3601
    Idaho         		   South             3602
       East             1101    Pennsylvania         
       Central          1102       North             3701    
       West             1103       South             3702
    Illinois                    Rhode Island         3800
       East             1201    South Carolina 3900  ----
       West             1202       North       ----  3901
    Indiana            	      	   South       ----  3902
       East             1301    South Dakota         
       West             1302       North             4001
    Iowa              	      	   South             4002
       North            1401    Tennessee            4100
       South            1402    Texas                
    Kansas           	      	   North             4201
       North            1501       North Central     4202
       South            1502       Central           4203
    Kentucky           	      	   South Central     4204
       North            1601       South             4205
       South            1602    Utah                 
    Louisiana           	   North             4301
       North            1701       Central           4302
       South            1702       South             4303
       Offshore         1703    Vermont              4400
    Maine              	    	Virginia             
       East             1801       North             4501
       West             1802       South             4502
    Maryland            1900    Washington            
    Massachusetts      	      	   North             4601
       Mainland         2001       South             4602
       Island           2002    West Virginia       
    Michigan           	      	   North             4701
       East       ----  2101       South             4702
       Central    ----  2102    Wisconsin            
       West       ----  2103       North             4801
       North            2111       Central           4802
       Central          2112       South             4803
       South            2113    Wyoming              
    Minnesota             	   East              4901 
       North            2201       East Central      4902
       Central          2202       West Central      4903
       South            2203       West              4904    
    Mississippi                 Puerto Rico    5200  5201
       East             2301    Virgin Islands 5200  5201
       West		2302	   St. Croix   5200  5202
    Missouri               	American Samoa ----  5300   
       East             2401	Guam           ----  5400
       Central          2402   
       West             2403

    **Only the zones that are different between NAD27 and
      NAD83 are listed for NAD83.  If nothing is given for
      NAD83 the zone is the same as NAD27.

Obtained from: "Software Documentation for GCTP General Cartographic Transformation Package," National Mapping Program Technical Instructions, U.S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Appendix B, Table 1.

Valid zone codes for the UTM projection and their location are given below.

          UTM Zone Locations and Central Meridians 
    Zone   C.M.      Range        Zone    C.M.     Range
    ------------------------------------------------------
     01    177W    180W-174W       31     003E   000E-006E
     02    171W    174W-168W       32     009E   006E-012E
     03    165W    168W-162W       33     015E   012E-018E
     04    159W    162W-156W       34     021E   018E-024E
     05    153W    156W-150W       35     027E   024E-030E
     06    147W    150W-144W       36     033E   030E-036E
     07    141W    144W-138W       37     039E   036E-042E
     08    135W    138W-132W       38     045E   042E-048E
     09    129W    132W-126W       39     051E   048E-054E
     10    123W    126W-120W       40     057E   054E-060E
     11    117W    120W-114W       41     063E   060E-066E
     12    111W    114W-108W       42     069E   066E-072E
     13    105W    108W-102W       43     075E   072E-078E
     14    099W    102W-096W       44     081E   078E-084E
     15    093W    096W-090W       45     087E   084E-090E
     16    087W    090W-084W       46     093E   090E-096E
     17    081W    084W-078W       47     099E   096E-102E
     18    075W    078W-072W       48     105E   102E-108E
     19    069W    072W-066W       49     111E   108E-114E
     20    063W    066W-060W       50     117E   114E-120E
     21    057W    060W-054W       51     123E   120E-126E
     22    051W    054W-048W       52     129E   126E-132E
     23    045W    048W-042W       53     135E   132E-138E
     24    039W    042W-036W       54     141E   138E-144E
     25    033W    036W-030W       55     147E   144E-150E
     26    027W    030W-024W       56     153E   150E-156E
     27    021W    024W-018W       57     159E   156E-162E
     28    015W    018W-012W       58     165E   162E-168E
     29    009W    012W-006W       59     171E   168E-174E
     30    003W    006W-000E       60     177E   174E-180W

A listing of the supported datums and their corresponding codes can be found in $LASTABLES/datum.txt. The supported spheroids are as follows:

      CODE    	        SPHEROID	
      ----    		--------
        0		Clarke 1866 (default)      
        1		Clarke 1880
        2		Bessel                     
        3		International 1967
        4		International 1909         
        5		WGS 72
        6		Everest                    
        7		WGS 66
        8		GRS 1980 (NAD 1983) 
        9		Airy
       10		Modified Everest          
       11		Modified Airy
       12		WGS 84                   
       13		Southeast Asia
       14		Australian National       
       15		Krassovsky
       16		Hough                     
       17		Mercury 1960
       18		Modified Mercury 1968
       19		Sphere of Radius 6370997 meters
       20		Bessel 1841
       21		Everest (Sabah and Sarawak)
       22		Everest (India 1956)
       23		Everest (Malaysia 1969)
       24		Everest (Malay. and Singapore 1948)
       25		Everest (Pakistan)
       26		Hayford
       27 		Helmert 1906
       28	 	Indonesian 1974
       29		South American 1969
       30		WGS 60
       31		MODIS Spheroid